Release of Invalid Pointer or Reference vulnerability was discovered in fs/inode/fs_inoderemove code of the Apache NuttX RTOS that allowed r…

cve CVE-2025-48768 1 source, 1 claim · Watch

NVD writes:
Release of Invalid Pointer or Reference vulnerability was discovered in fs/inode/fs_inoderemove code of the Apache NuttX RTOS that allowed root filesystem inode removal leading to a debug assert trigger (that is disabled by default), NULL pointer dereference (handled differently depending on the target architecture), or in general, a Denial of Service. This issue affects Apache NuttX RTOS: from 10.0.0 before 12.10.0. Users of filesystem based services with write access that were exposed over the network (i.e. FTP) are affected and recommended to upgrade to version 12.10.0 that fixes the issu… the claim

Severity: MEDIUM NVD
CVSS: 6.5 NVD
Fixed in: 12.10.0 NVD
Vendor: Apache Software Foundation NVD
Product: Apache NuttX RTOS NVD
CWE: CWE-763 NVD

How far exploitation has got

No public code known
Proof of concept
Proof of concept, verified
A Metasploit module
Exploited in the wild
Used in ransomware campaigns

Timeline

2026-01-01

first spoke of it: Release of Invalid Pointer or Reference vulnerability was discovered in fs/inode/fs_inoderemove code of the Apache NuttX RTOS that allowed root filesystem inode removal leading to a debug assert trigger (that is disabled by default), NULL pointer dereference (handled differently depending on the target architecture), or in general, a Denial of Service. This issue affects Apache NuttX RTOS: from 10.0.0 before 12.10.0. Users of filesystem based services with write access that were exposed over the network (i.e. FTP) are affected and recommended to upgrade to version 12.10.0 that fixes the issue.

NVD

Release of Invalid Pointer or Reference vulnerability was discovered in fs/inode/fs_inoderemove code of the Apache NuttX RTOS that allowed root filesystem inode removal leading to a debug assert trigger (that is disabled by default), NULL pointer dereference (handled differently depending on the target architecture), or in general, a Denial of Service. This issue affects Apache NuttX RTOS: from 10.0.0 before 12.10.0. Users of filesystem based services with write access that were exposed over the network (i.e. FTP) are affected and recommended to upgrade to version 12.10.0 that fixes the issue.

What it is to other things

affects	apache/nuttx NVD
made_by	apache NVD

In words only, so not counted until a person confirms one:

made_by	`apache_software_foundation` NVD says “Apache Software Foundation”
affects	`apache_software_foundation/apache_nuttx_rtos` NVD says “Apache Software Foundation · Apache NuttX RTOS”

Every value, with what each source said and its receipt

Property Source Said Means here

Automatable

automatable

NVD

yes

An attacker can reliably run all of the kill chain's first four steps without a person.

receipt

Source: NVD
Its words: yes
Read by: field:cve.metrics.ssvcV203[].ssvcData.options[].automatable
Said since: 2026-10-06 12:29 UTC
Last answered: 2026-10-06 12:41 UTC
Original: open at the source

2026-10-06 12:29 UTC	yes
2026-10-02 12:00 UTC	—

What the source handed over

{
  "cve": {
    "affected": [
      {
        "affectedData": [
          {
            "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
            "product": "Apache NuttX RTOS",
            "vendor": "Apache Software Foundation",
            "versions": [
              {
                "lessThan": "12.10.0",
                "status": "affected",
                "version": "10.0.0",
                "versionType": "semver"
              }
            ]
          }
        ],
        "source": "security@apache.org"
      }
    ],
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                "versionStartIncluding": "10.0.0",
                "vulnerable": true
              }
            ],
            "negate": false,
            "operator": "OR"
          }
        ]
      }
    ],
    "cveTags": [],
    "descriptions": [
      {
        "lang": "en",
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      },
      {
        "lang": "es",
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    "published": "2026-01-01T17:15:43.097",
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        "source": "security@apache.org",
        "tags": [
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        ],
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      },
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      },
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        "tags": [
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        ],
        "url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2025/12/31/10"
      }
    ],
    "sourceIdentifier": "security@apache.org",
    "vulnStatus": "Analyzed",
    "weaknesses": [
      {
        "description": [
          {
            "lang": "en",
            "value": "CWE-763"
          }
        ],
        "source": "security@apache.org",
        "type": "Secondary"
      }
    ]
  }
}

—

CVSS

cvss

NVD

6.5

receipt

Source: NVD
Its words: 6.5
Read by: field:cve.metrics.cvssMetricV31[type=Primary].cvssData.baseScore || field:cve.metrics.cvssMetricV31[].cvssData.baseScore
Said since: 2026-10-02 12:00 UTC
Last answered: 2026-10-06 12:41 UTC
Original: open at the source

What the source handed over

{
  "cve": {
    "affected": [
      {
        "affectedData": [
          {
            "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
            "product": "Apache NuttX RTOS",
            "vendor": "Apache Software Foundation",
            "versions": [
              {
                "lessThan": "12.10.0",
                "status": "affected",
                "version": "10.0.0",
                "versionType": "semver"
              }
            ]
          }
        ],
        "source": "security@apache.org"
      }
    ],
    "configurations": [
      {
        "nodes": [
          {
            "cpeMatch": [
              {
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                "matchCriteriaId": "6A0FB83B-B4F7-457B-A39E-325BA6718225",
                "versionEndExcluding": "12.10.0",
                "versionStartIncluding": "10.0.0",
                "vulnerable": true
              }
            ],
            "negate": false,
            "operator": "OR"
          }
        ]
      }
    ],
    "cveTags": [],
    "descriptions": [
      {
        "lang": "en",
        "value": "Release of Invalid Pointer or Reference vulnerability was discovered in fs/inode/fs_inoderemove code of the Apache NuttX RTOS that allowed root filesystem inode removal leading to a debug assert trigger (that is disabled by default), NULL pointer dereference (handled differently depending on the target architecture), or in general, a Denial of Service.\n\nThis issue affects Apache NuttX RTOS: from 10.0.0 before 12.10.0.\n\nUsers of filesystem based services with write access that were exposed over the network (i.e. FTP) are affected and recommended to upgrade to version 12.10.0 that fixes the issue."
      },
      {
        "lang": "es",
        "value": "La vulnerabilidad de liberación de puntero o referencia inválida fue descubierta en el código fs/inode/fs_inoderemove del RTOS Apache NuttX que permitía la eliminación de inodos del sistema de archivos raíz, lo que llevaba a un disparo de aserción de depuración (que está deshabilitado por defecto), desreferencia de puntero NULL (manejada de forma diferente según la arquitectura de destino), o en general, una denegación de servicio.\n\nEste problema afecta a Apache NuttX RTOS: desde 10.0.0 antes de 12.10.0.\n\nLos usuarios de servicios basados en sistemas de archivos con acceso de escritura que estaban expuestos a través de la red (es decir, FTP) están afectados y se les recomienda actualizar a la versión 12.10.0 que corrige el problema."
      }
    ],
    "id": "CVE-2025-48768",
    "lastModified": "2026-10-01T08:10:00.183",
    "metrics": {
      "cvssMetricV31": [
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          "impactScore": 1.4,
          "source": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
          "type": "Secondary"
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      "ssvcV203": [
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          "source": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
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            "version": "2.0.3"
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    "sourceIdentifier": "security@apache.org",
    "vulnStatus": "Analyzed",
    "weaknesses": [
      {
        "description": [
          {
            "lang": "en",
            "value": "CWE-763"
          }
        ],
        "source": "security@apache.org",
        "type": "Secondary"
      }
    ]
  }
}

—

CVSS vector

cvss_vector

NVD

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H

receipt

Source: NVD
Its words: CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
Read by: field:cve.metrics.cvssMetricV31[type=Primary].cvssData.vectorString || field:cve.metrics.cvssMetricV31[].cvssData.vectorString
Said since: 2026-10-06 12:29 UTC
Last answered: 2026-10-06 12:41 UTC
Original: open at the source

2026-10-06 12:29 UTC	CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
2026-10-02 12:00 UTC	—

What the source handed over

{
  "cve": {
    "affected": [
      {
        "affectedData": [
          {
            "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
            "product": "Apache NuttX RTOS",
            "vendor": "Apache Software Foundation",
            "versions": [
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                "status": "affected",
                "version": "10.0.0",
                "versionType": "semver"
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        "source": "security@apache.org"
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                "versionEndExcluding": "12.10.0",
                "versionStartIncluding": "10.0.0",
                "vulnerable": true
              }
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            "negate": false,
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    ],
    "cveTags": [],
    "descriptions": [
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      }
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    "lastModified": "2026-10-01T08:10:00.183",
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      "ssvcV203": [
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        "tags": [
          "Issue Tracking"
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        "url": "https://github.com/apache/nuttx/pull/16437"
      },
      {
        "source": "security@apache.org",
        "tags": [
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          "Vendor Advisory"
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        "url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2025/12/31/10"
      }
    ],
    "sourceIdentifier": "security@apache.org",
    "vulnStatus": "Analyzed",
    "weaknesses": [
      {
        "description": [
          {
            "lang": "en",
            "value": "CWE-763"
          }
        ],
        "source": "security@apache.org",
        "type": "Secondary"
      }
    ]
  }
}

—

CWE

cwe

NVD

CWE-763

receipt

Source: NVD
Its words: CWE-763
Read by: field:cve.weaknesses[].description[].value
Said since: 2026-10-06 12:29 UTC
Last answered: 2026-10-06 12:41 UTC
Original: open at the source

2026-10-06 12:29 UTC	CWE-763
2026-10-02 12:00 UTC	—

What the source handed over

{
  "cve": {
    "affected": [
      {
        "affectedData": [
          {
            "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
            "product": "Apache NuttX RTOS",
            "vendor": "Apache Software Foundation",
            "versions": [
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                "status": "affected",
                "version": "10.0.0",
                "versionType": "semver"
              }
            ]
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      }
    ],
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                "versionEndExcluding": "12.10.0",
                "versionStartIncluding": "10.0.0",
                "vulnerable": true
              }
            ],
            "negate": false,
            "operator": "OR"
          }
        ]
      }
    ],
    "cveTags": [],
    "descriptions": [
      {
        "lang": "en",
        "value": "Release of Invalid Pointer or Reference vulnerability was discovered in fs/inode/fs_inoderemove code of the Apache NuttX RTOS that allowed root filesystem inode removal leading to a debug assert trigger (that is disabled by default), NULL pointer dereference (handled differently depending on the target architecture), or in general, a Denial of Service.\n\nThis issue affects Apache NuttX RTOS: from 10.0.0 before 12.10.0.\n\nUsers of filesystem based services with write access that were exposed over the network (i.e. FTP) are affected and recommended to upgrade to version 12.10.0 that fixes the issue."
      },
      {
        "lang": "es",
        "value": "La vulnerabilidad de liberación de puntero o referencia inválida fue descubierta en el código fs/inode/fs_inoderemove del RTOS Apache NuttX que permitía la eliminación de inodos del sistema de archivos raíz, lo que llevaba a un disparo de aserción de depuración (que está deshabilitado por defecto), desreferencia de puntero NULL (manejada de forma diferente según la arquitectura de destino), o en general, una denegación de servicio.\n\nEste problema afecta a Apache NuttX RTOS: desde 10.0.0 antes de 12.10.0.\n\nLos usuarios de servicios basados en sistemas de archivos con acceso de escritura que estaban expuestos a través de la red (es decir, FTP) están afectados y se les recomienda actualizar a la versión 12.10.0 que corrige el problema."
      }
    ],
    "id": "CVE-2025-48768",
    "lastModified": "2026-10-01T08:10:00.183",
    "metrics": {
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            "scope": "UNCHANGED",
            "userInteraction": "NONE",
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        },
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          },
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      },
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    ],
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        ],
        "source": "security@apache.org",
        "type": "Secondary"
      }
    ]
  }
}

—

Exploitation

exploitation

NVD

none

No evidence of exploitation, and no public proof of concept.

receipt

Source: NVD
Its words: none
Read by: field:cve.metrics.ssvcV203[].ssvcData.options[].exploitation
Said since: 2026-10-06 12:29 UTC
Last answered: 2026-10-06 12:41 UTC
Original: open at the source

2026-10-06 12:29 UTC	none
2026-10-02 12:00 UTC	—

What the source handed over

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      {
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            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
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      },
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        "tags": [
          "Mailing List",
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      }
    ],
    "sourceIdentifier": "security@apache.org",
    "vulnStatus": "Analyzed",
    "weaknesses": [
      {
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          {
            "lang": "en",
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        ],
        "source": "security@apache.org",
        "type": "Secondary"
      }
    ]
  }
}

—

Fixed in

fixed_in

NVD

12.10.0

receipt

Source: NVD
Its words: 12.10.0
Read by: field:cve.affected[].affectedData[].versions[status=affected].lessThan
Said since: 2026-10-06 12:29 UTC
Last answered: 2026-10-06 12:41 UTC
Original: open at the source

2026-10-06 12:29 UTC	12.10.0
2026-10-02 12:00 UTC	—

What the source handed over

{
  "cve": {
    "affected": [
      {
        "affectedData": [
          {
            "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
            "product": "Apache NuttX RTOS",
            "vendor": "Apache Software Foundation",
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      },
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    "lastModified": "2026-10-01T08:10:00.183",
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            "userInteraction": "NONE",
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          }
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    ],
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          }
        ],
        "source": "security@apache.org",
        "type": "Secondary"
      }
    ]
  }
}

—

Product

product

NVD

Apache NuttX RTOS

receipt

Source: NVD
Its words: Apache NuttX RTOS
Read by: field:cve.affected[].affectedData[].product
Said since: 2026-10-02 12:00 UTC
Last answered: 2026-10-06 12:41 UTC
Original: open at the source

What the source handed over

{
  "cve": {
    "affected": [
      {
        "affectedData": [
          {
            "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
            "product": "Apache NuttX RTOS",
            "vendor": "Apache Software Foundation",
            "versions": [
              {
                "lessThan": "12.10.0",
                "status": "affected",
                "version": "10.0.0",
                "versionType": "semver"
              }
            ]
          }
        ],
        "source": "security@apache.org"
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    ],
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                "versionStartIncluding": "10.0.0",
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    ],
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      },
      {
        "lang": "es",
        "value": "La vulnerabilidad de liberación de puntero o referencia inválida fue descubierta en el código fs/inode/fs_inoderemove del RTOS Apache NuttX que permitía la eliminación de inodos del sistema de archivos raíz, lo que llevaba a un disparo de aserción de depuración (que está deshabilitado por defecto), desreferencia de puntero NULL (manejada de forma diferente según la arquitectura de destino), o en general, una denegación de servicio.\n\nEste problema afecta a Apache NuttX RTOS: desde 10.0.0 antes de 12.10.0.\n\nLos usuarios de servicios basados en sistemas de archivos con acceso de escritura que estaban expuestos a través de la red (es decir, FTP) están afectados y se les recomienda actualizar a la versión 12.10.0 que corrige el problema."
      }
    ],
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    "lastModified": "2026-10-01T08:10:00.183",
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            "scope": "UNCHANGED",
            "userInteraction": "NONE",
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          },
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          "type": "Primary"
        },
        {
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            "baseScore": 5.3,
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            "scope": "UNCHANGED",
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          },
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          "source": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
          "type": "Secondary"
        }
      ],
      "ssvcV203": [
        {
          "source": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
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    "references": [
      {
        "source": "security@apache.org",
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        ],
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      },
      {
        "source": "security@apache.org",
        "tags": [
          "Mailing List",
          "Vendor Advisory"
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      },
      {
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        "tags": [
          "Mailing List",
          "Third Party Advisory"
        ],
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      }
    ],
    "sourceIdentifier": "security@apache.org",
    "vulnStatus": "Analyzed",
    "weaknesses": [
      {
        "description": [
          {
            "lang": "en",
            "value": "CWE-763"
          }
        ],
        "source": "security@apache.org",
        "type": "Secondary"
      }
    ]
  }
}

—

Severity

severity

NVD

MEDIUM

From 4.0 to 6.9.

receipt

Source: NVD
Its words: MEDIUM
Read by: field:cve.metrics.cvssMetricV31[type=Primary].cvssData.baseSeverity || field:cve.metrics.cvssMetricV31[].cvssData.baseSeverity
Said since: 2026-10-06 12:29 UTC
Last answered: 2026-10-06 12:41 UTC
Original: open at the source

2026-10-06 12:29 UTC	MEDIUM
2026-10-02 12:00 UTC	—

What the source handed over

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  "cve": {
    "affected": [
      {
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          {
            "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
            "product": "Apache NuttX RTOS",
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                "status": "affected",
                "version": "10.0.0",
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                "versionEndExcluding": "12.10.0",
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      },
      {
        "lang": "es",
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  }
}

medium

Status

status

NVD

Analyzed

receipt

Source: NVD
Its words: Analyzed
Read by: field:cve.vulnStatus
Said since: 2026-10-02 12:00 UTC
Last answered: 2026-10-06 12:41 UTC
Original: open at the source

What the source handed over

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      {
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    ]
  }
}

—

Technical impact

technical_impact

NVD

partial

The attacker gains limited control, or limited information.

receipt

Source: NVD
Its words: partial
Read by: field:cve.metrics.ssvcV203[].ssvcData.options[].technicalImpact
Said since: 2026-10-06 12:29 UTC
Last answered: 2026-10-06 12:41 UTC
Original: open at the source

2026-10-06 12:29 UTC	partial
2026-10-02 12:00 UTC	—

What the source handed over

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      }
    ]
  }
}

—

Vendor

vendor

NVD

Apache Software Foundation

receipt

Source: NVD
Its words: Apache Software Foundation
Read by: field:cve.affected[].affectedData[].vendor
Said since: 2026-10-02 12:00 UTC
Last answered: 2026-10-06 12:41 UTC
Original: open at the source

What the source handed over

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      "ssvcV203": [
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        "type": "Secondary"
      }
    ]
  }
}

—

Every claim, by kind

vulnerability

zetlyn/cve-nvd · 2026-01-01

automatable yes cvss 6.5 cvss_vector CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H cwe CWE-763 exploitation none fixed_in 12.10.0 product Apache NuttX RTOS severity MEDIUM status Analyzed technical_impact partial vendor Apache Software Foundation

source